ТРАНСЦЕНДЕНТАЛЬНОЕ
Transcendental
In scholasticism, the transcendentalia are notions which apply to any being and mean the supercategorial. The transcendental definitions of being are broader in scope than the traditional categories of scholastic philosophy: form and matter, act and potentiality, etc.; they express the universal, supersensuous properties of being which are cognized through intuition, before any experience. According to scholasticism, the three principal transcendentals (there are six of them in all) denote: unity, the relation of being to itself, or the identity of being; truth, the comparison of being with the infinite spirit, or the apprehension of being in divine reason; blessing, the comparison of being with the infinite will, or purposefulness of being determined by the divine will.
Transcendentals were mentioned for the first time by Alexander of Hales (a 12th-13th century Franciscan scholastic and realist), Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas. The term transcendental was introduced later, in the 16th century. The development and recognition of the theory of transcendentals as the nucleus of scholastic metaphysics date back to a later period (16th-17th centuries). In recent times the theory has been criticized from the standpoint of nominalism. Spinoza and Hobbes called it "naive" and "senseless", and Kant "sterile" and "tautological".
According to Kant, the only transcendental is knowledge which deals both with objects and the method of their a priori cognition. The knowable being, or the transcendent world of "things-in-themselves", as Kant postulated, lies beyond the limits of experimental knowledge and for this reason is not reflected in the transcendental (logical) definitions. The modern scholastics hold that the theory of transcendental is independent of experience and the concrete sciences, and seek to prove the "eternal value" of metaphysics and the philosophical justification of the theological truths. By its objective content the theory of the transcendental definitions is but an attempt to create a purely contemplative, complete theory of being. Marxist philosophy does not use the term transcendental.
Трансцендентальный
(От лат. transcendens, родительный падеж transcendentis - перешагивающий, выходящий за пределы)
1) в схоластике - предельно общие понятия (единое, истинное, доброе и др.). 2) В философии И. Канта - априорные познавательные формы, организующие эмпирическое познание. В этом смысле трансцендентальны формы чувственности - пространство и время, категории - субстанция, причинность и др. Кант называл Т.
«...всякое познание, занимающееся не столько предметами, сколько видами нашего познания предметов, поскольку это познание должно быть возможным a priori» (Кант И., Соч., т. 3, М., 1964, с. 121). В марксистской философии понятие Т. не употребляется.