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СЕМИОТИКА

Semiotic

Potentially Problematic Article

Treats cybernetics as science rather than bourgeois pseudoscience.

A science which engages in the comparative study of sign systems (see Sign), from the simplest signalisation systems to natural languages and formalised languages of science. The main functions of a sign system are: (1) the function of transmitting a communication or expressing sense (see Denotation and Sense); (2) the function of communication, i.e., ensuring understanding by the listeners (readers) of the transmitted communication, and also a motive to action, an emotional influence, etc.

The exercise of any of these functions presupposes a definite internal organisation of a sign system, i.e., the presence of different signs and laws of their combination. In conformity with this, three main divisions are singled out: (1) syntactics, or the study of the internal structure of the sign systems regardless of the functions they perform; (2) semantics which studies the sign systems as a means of expressing sense; (3) pragmatics which studies the relation of the sign systems to those who use them.

The biggest role in the development of semiotic methods is played by a study of systems possessing, on the one hand, sufficiently rich media for expressing sense, and on the other, a sufficiently clearly defined structure. Up to now such systems have been above all formalised languages of mathematics and particularly of mathematical logic. Metalogic is the most developed semiotic subject.

Semiotic studies promote the formalisation of new spheres of science (cf. the recently developing calculi in mathematical linguistics, experiments in formalising certain concepts of pragmatics, the concepts of "verse metre", etc.). The concepts and methods of semiotic acquire great importance in view of the development of the theory and practice of the rational storing and automatic processing of information; in this sphere semiotic comes in close contact with cybernetics.

The main principles of semiotic were first formulated by the American logician and mathematician Charles S. Peirce; subsequently they were expounded and systematised by the philosopher Charles Morris (Foundations of the Theory of Signs, 1938). Questions of semiotic were in fact considered as early as the 1920s by Polish logicians of the Lvov-Warsaw school.

Семиотика

В медицине, семиология, симптоматология, учение о признаках болезни. Различают общую и частную С. Предмет изучения общей С. - признаки, относящиеся к общей характеристике больного (пол, возраст, национальность, профессия, наследственность, перенесённые заболевания, телосложение) и его состояния (изменение сознания; положение тела, выражение лица; лихорадка и т. д.). Каждый признак играет роль в диагностике: например, женщины крайне редко болеют гемофилией; корь - заболевание преимущественно детского возраста; Серповидноклеточная анемия распространена в Экваториальной Африке, но не встречается среди коренных народностей Америки, Австралии; существует особая группа профессиональных болезней; вид и походка больного позволяют поставить диагноз Паркинсонизма и т. д. Общая С. изучает также изменения функции и морфологии органов и лабораторных проб (например, диагностическое значение увеличения печени, особенности мочи и кала при желтухах и т. п.). Предмет частной С. - Симптомы конкретных заболеваний, их диагностическое значение, механизмы возникновения, причины возможного отсутствия, особенности их сочетания (см. Синдром). С. - важная составная часть диагностики.

Лит.: Хегглин Р., Дифференциальная диагностика внутренних болезней, пер. с нем., М., 1965; Лазовский И. Р., Клинические симптомы и синдромы, Рига, 1971.