ПРИНЦИП ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНОСТИ

Complementarity, Principle of

A methodological principle suggested by Bohr to interpret quantum mechanics. It may be formulated as follows: to show the wholeness of a phenomenon, cognition must make use of mutually exclusive "complementary" classes of concepts.

In the works of several representatives of the group known as the Copenhagen school (Jordan, Frank, and other advocates of extreme positivist views) the principle of complementarity was used to defend idealist and metaphysical views of space, time, and causality. Attaching absolute importance to the increased role played by instruments in the microcosm and incorrectly interpreting this as "uncontrolled perturbation", they regarded space and time, on the one hand, and causality, on the other, as mutually exclusive "complementary" characteristics of microprocesses.

The necessity of using "complementary" concepts was inferred not from the objective nature of microobjects but from the peculiarities of the cognitional process, and was associated with the arbitrary intervention of the observer. The positivist form of principle of complementarity was critically analysed by Vavilov, Blokhintsev, Fok, de Broglie, Langevin, Janossy, and others.

Дополнительности принцип

Сформулированное Н. Бором положение, сыгравшее важную роль в становлении квантовой механики, согласно которому получение экспериментальных данных об одних физических величинах, описывающих микрообъект (например, электрон, протон, атом), неизбежно связано с изменением таких данных о величинах, дополнительных к первым. Такими взаимно дополнительными величинами являются, например, координата и импульс частицы. Д. п. содержится в принципе неопределённостей, математическим выражением которого являются неопределённостей соотношения.