НЕПОСРЕДСТВЕННОЕ ЗНАНИЕ

Immediate Knowledge

Knowledge gained without proof, a direct contemplation of truth, as distinct from discursive or demonstrative knowledge, which is always mediated not only by data of experience, but also by logical inference. As the theory of knowledge developed, two kinds of immediate knowledge were differentiated: sensory and intellectual (sensuous intuition and intellectual intuition), which in metaphysical doctrines were sharply opposed to each other.

Prior to Kant, sensuous immediate knowledge was always regarded as knowledge arising from experience. Kant asserted that in addition to immediate knowledge which results from experience, there are also a priori forms of sensuous immediate knowledge (space and time). Kant rejected the possibility of intellectual intuition by the human mind, admitting, however, its possibility for a mind higher than human.

Jacobi considered immediate knowledge the highest form of knowledge; he considered "emotion", and in later works "reason", to be the organ of such knowledge. Intellectual immediate knowledge was recognised in antiquity by Plato and Plotinus; in the 17th century by the rationalists Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz; at the turn of the 19th century, by the German idealists and philosophers of romanticism, Fichte, Schelling, and Schlegel; in the 20th century by Husserl.

Under intellectual intuition they understood the ability of the mind to "see" the truth with the "eyes of the mind", directly, without proof; for example, axioms of geometry were regarded as such truths. In the 20th century, a view arose in the formalist trend of geometry, identifying axioms with definitions and depriving them of the nature of direct proof.

Hegel criticised the early theories of immediate knowledge as undialectical. He saw in immediate knowledge the unity of direct and mediated knowledge. But Hegel wrongly considered the self-developing thought itself as the basis of this unity. Dialectical materialism considers that the unity of direct and mediated knowledge is based on practice: maxims are mediated by practice and thinking conditioned by practice, and they, by virtue of repeated reproduction, become directly truthful.

Непосредственное знание

Термин, обозначающий знание, получаемое путём прямого усмотрения, без обоснования с помощью доказательства. Н. з. иначе называется интуитивным, или интуицией.