ЛОГИКА ИНДУКТИВНАЯ

Logic, Inductive

That part of traditional logic concerned with logical processes of conclusions from the particular to the general (see Induction). Traditional inductivists saw the task of Inductive Logic in analyzing the process of obtaining general theoretical knowledge from the single, empirical. There were also other concepts of the subject-matter of Inductive Logic, limiting its tasks to analyzing logical criteria for verifying universal laws. William Whewell, a 19th century British logician, was the first to formulate such an understanding of Inductive Logic. The hypothetical deductive method was considered as the means of such verification.

This concept is now shared by neo-positivist logicians and many other specialists in Inductive Logic. It stems from the inadequacy of the inductive method for obtaining theoretical propositions, which require the singling out of new thought-content and the formation of new scientific abstractions. The shortcoming of this concept is its unjustified renunciation of logical study of the processes for obtaining scientific knowledge in general, i.e., their analysis as socially necessary processes independent of individual consciousness and determined by the objective content of the cognitive processes.

Modern Inductive Logic widens the sphere of its application and examines not only conclusions from the particular to the general, but all logical relationships in general when the truth-value of the knowledge we want to verify cannot be reliably established on the basis of the knowledge whose truth-value is known to us, when we can only determine whether it is confirmed by further knowledge, and if so, to what extent. Therefore, one of the central concepts of modern Inductive Logic is the degree of confirmation which is usually interpreted as the probability of the hypothesis with available empirical knowledge. Modern Inductive Logic thereby utilizes methods of calculating probabilities and the logic of probability.

Индуктивная логика

Раздел логики, в котором изучаются логические процессы перехода от знания о единичном и частном к знанию об общем. См. ст. Логика и лит. при ней.