ЛОГИКА ФОРМАЛЬНАЯ

Logic, Formal

A science which studies acts of thinking (see Concepts, Propositions, Inferences, and Proof) as regards their logical structure or form, i.e., by abstraction of the concrete content of thoughts and singling out only the general means by which the parts of that content are linked. The main task of Formal Logic is to formulate laws and principles whose observance is a requisite for achieving valid results in obtaining knowledge by deduction.

The foundation of Formal Logic was provided by the works of Aristotle, who elaborated syllogistic. Contributions to its development were made by the early stoics and the scholastics in the Middle Ages—Duns Scotus, William of Occam, Albert von Sachsen, Raymond Lulle, and others. The departure from the long-standing tradition of studying problems of deductive logic was connected with the study of induction and attempts to formulate rules of inductive inferences (Francis Bacon, and later John St. Mill). But a turning point took place only in the second half of the 19th century, when the mathematical (symbolic) logic received its modern form.

Формальная логика

Наука о мышлении, предметом которой является исследование умозаключений и доказательств с точки зрения их формы и в отвлечении от их конкретного содержания. Ф. л. - базисная наука; её идеи и методы используются как в повседневной практике, например в качестве средства предотвращения логических ошибок, так и в особенности в теории для логического анализа научного знания. См. Логика.