ЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОШИБКИ

Logical Fallacies

Mistakes caused by an incorrect step in the process of reasoning. Logical Fallacies are of various kinds. They may arise through an erroneous interpretation of a proposition or through its incorrect use as a premise (e.g., a proposition which is true under certain circumstances is taken to be unconditionally true); or through violation of the rules of logic in the process of reasoning (e.g., the quaternio terminorum or four-term fallacy in syllogisms, when the premises appear to be connected by a common term, the middle term, which is in fact ambiguous); or through drawing a conclusion from a proposition that cannot, in fact, be drawn (e.g., ignoratio elenchi, etc.).

Logical Fallacies may be divided into the unintentional (paralogisms) and the deliberate (sophisms).