КРИТИЧЕСКИЙ РЕАЛИЗМ В ИСКУССТВЕ

Critical Realism (in art)

A school and method which, since the middle of the 19th century, have attracted many progressive artists and writers of the capitalist epoch. Its main drive, directed towards revealing the viles of bourgeois society and overcoming its contradictions, played an important part in developing the idea of man's social and spiritual emancipation and in asserting democratic social ideals in the minds of men.

Stendhal, Balzac, Dickens, Hogarth, Daumier, Courbet, Meunier, Gogol, Turgenev, Goncharov, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Nekrasov, Lev Tolstoi, Repin, and others scourged the harsh rule of the landowners, the predatory instincts of the bourgeoisie, the bigotry of the clergy, the depravity of the bureaucratic officialdom, and portrayed, directly or indirectly, the protest and struggle of the people, some in search of their heroes from among the working people, the revolutionary intelligentsia and those generally who voiced the interests of the people, others holding up these heroes as an example to be followed.

In the present era the tradition of Critical Realism has been carried on by Charles Chaplin, Hemingway, G. Greene, Remarque, Feuchtwanger, Renato Guttuso, Eduardo de Filippo, Giuseppe de Santis, and others. The masterpieces of Critical Realism have been of great value to the school of socialist realism.

Критический реализм

Направление (метод) в реалистической литературе и искусстве 19-20 вв. Понятие К. р. воспринято советским литературоведением и искусствоведением от М. Горького, употребившего выражение К. р. (1934) для акцентирования обличительной направленности реалистической литературы 19 в. Однако обличительный пафос К. р. никоим образом не исключает в реалистическом искусстве 19-20 вв. утверждающего начала. См. в ст. Реализм.

Лит.: Лаврецкий А., О судьбе одного литературоведческого термина, «Изв. АН СССР. Отделение литературы и языка», 1957, т. 16, в. 1; Николаев П., Реализм как теоретико-литературная проблема, в кн.: Советское литературоведение за 50 лет, М., 1967.