КОММУНИКАЦИЯ

Communication

A category of idealistic philosophy denoting intercourse in which the self is revealed in another. Communication finds its fullest expression in the existentialism of Jaspers and in modern French personalism. Historically, the doctrine of communication originated as a refutation of the teaching of the social contract, which has its origins in the age of enlightenment.

The adherents of the communication theory (K. Jaspers, O. Bollnow, E. Mounier) emphasise that a social contract is essentially a contract or transaction, the parties to which are bound by mutual obligations; mutual perception and cognition is achieved solely in the light of such obligations, i.e., in an abstract or impersonal manner. The contract is a bond based on the practical dissociation of individuals.

Communication is considered to be an arbitrarily established interdependence as opposed to the contract. "Contact rather than contract" (F. Kaufmann). Communication is stated to be established by discussion in the course of which individuals become convinced that their dissociation is caused by the accepted patterns of thought, whereas they are brought closer together by that wherein they differ and by that which constitutes their unique individuality.

The "individually unique" are the carefully concealed subjective fears, concerns and worries in which people, in the final resort, experience (each in his particular way) merely their own actual membership of some group of modern bourgeois society. Seen in this light, discussion is merely a means of clarifying this membership, and the doctrine of communication as a whole is a refined form of protection of caste and corporate bonds. Objectively, the doctrine of communication is counterposed to the Marxist conception of the collective.

Коммуникация

Общение. Обычно К. определяется как «передача информации» от человека к человеку. Общение может осуществляться как в процессе любой деятельности, например производственной, так и при помощи специализированной формы - речевой деятельности или другой деятельности, использующей знаки. У животных имеются более простые - не знаковые, а сигнальные способы К., иногда неправильно называемые «языком животных».