ФИЛОСОФИЯ ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ

Philosophy, Practical

1. The ethical branch of classical philosophical systems, the teaching on the principles and laws of action (for example, the Ethics of Spinoza, the Critique of Practical Reason of Kant, etc.).

2. A widespread trend in modern philosophy, directed against materialism and science. In Practical Philosophy one can include Nietzscheism, pragmatism, the philosophy of life (Bergson), existentialism, and other schools related to them, which consider cognition as an "instrument" of achieving practical results. Denial of theoretical thought and objective truth and the cult of the subconscious in Practical Philosophy are due to the dissolution of thought in the biological function of adaptation: the truth of an idea is determined not by its reflection of objective reality but by its practical validity, utility: all ideas (including religious ones) are "true" if they lead to success. Thus, the relativism and agnosticism of Practical Philosophy are disguised by reference to practice, interpreted in an extremely subjectivist spirit.