ЭЙНШТЕЙН АЛЬБЕРТ

Einstein Albert (1879–1955)

German physicist, founder of the theory of relativity and a number of other physical theories, which led to new notions of space, time, motion, substance, light, gravity. In 1905, he formulated the theory of Brownian motion, i.e., the movement of small bodies floating in liquid under the influence of bombardment by molecules. This theory was a convincing proof of the reality of molecules and their movement. In the same year Einstein arrived at the notion of particles of light, quanta of light or photons. Einstein's first work on the special theory of relativity was also published in 1905. In 1916, Einstein formulated the idea of the general theory of relativity.

The fascist terror forced him to quit Germany. He settled in Princeton (USA). In the 30s and 40s, Einstein tried to create a unified theory of field, explaining the nature of not only gravitational but also of other fields.

Einstein's philosophical views were very close to those of Spinoza's. Absolute denial of the existence of God, denial of any non-material substance, conviction of the objectivity and knowability of the world and the causal interdependence of all processes of nature—these were the main principles of his world outlook. Einstein opposed Kant's apriorism and the views of Poincaré and others concerning the "conditionality" of scientific truth. Initially Einstein sympathised with Mach, but later completely rejected Machism, and in 1920, he called Mach a "poor philosopher". Although Einstein made idealistic mistakes in some problems of cognition, he nevertheless definitely rejected logical positivism and the attempts at a positivist treatment of quantum mechanics.

In his sociopolitical views Einstein opposed social oppression, militarism, and reaction and resolutely denounced the use of atomic energy for war purposes.

Эйнштейн

Единица энергии электромагнитного излучения оптического диапазона; применяется в фотохимии, равна N A hν , где N A - Авогадро число и hν - энергия Фотона. Названа в честь Альберта Эйнштейна, обозначается Е. При поглощении энергии излучения в 1 Э. должно происходить, согласно Эйнштейна закону, фотохимическое превращение 1 моля вещества. Из определения Э. следует, что размер единицы обусловлен частотой

( ν ) излучения (h - Планка постоянная).